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Hungary has a tax-funded universal healthcare system, organized by the state-owned National Health Insurance Fund ((ハンガリー語:Országos Egészségbiztosítási Pénztár (OEP))). According to the OECD 100% of the total population is covered by universal health insurance, which is absolutely free for children (all people under 16), mothers or fathers with baby, students, pensioners (everyone over 62), people with low income, handicapped people (including physical and mental disorders),〔(List of the entitled people for free insurance, National Healthcare Fund, 2013 )〕 priests and other church employees.〔(Dőzsölők és szűkölködők - Miből gazdálkodnak az egyházak?, Figyelő (financial status of the churches in Hungary, Hungarian) )〕 Health in Hungary can be described with a rapidly increasing life expectancy (7.48 years for men and 4.92 years for women between 1993 and 2013)〔 and a very low infant mortality rate (4.6 per 1,000 live births in 2014).〔(Vital statistics, Hungarian Central Statistical Office (KSH) )〕 According to the OECD Hungary spent 7.8% of its GDP on health care in 2012. Total health expenditure was 1,688.7 US$ per capita in 2011, 1,098.3 US$ governmental-fund (65%) and 590.4 US$ private-fund (35%).〔(Health: Key Tables from OECD, OECDiLibrary )〕 == History == The first hospitals go back to the 13th-century mining towns of Hungary. The first mining health insurance was founded by János Thurzó in 1496. The first modern insurer was established in 1907, named ''Országos Munkásbetegsegélyező és Balesetbiztosító Pénztár'' ("National Workers' Sick-benefit and Accident Fund"). The first steps to overall health insurance took place in the Horthy era with the creation of ''Országos Társadalombiztosítási Intézet'' (lit. "National Social Insurance Institution") in 1928 (This is the predecessor of present-day ''Országos Egészségbiztosítási Pénztár''.). Social services were complete to 1938, at that time the Hungarian social health insurance system was the most progressive and charitable in East-Central Europe. After the World War II the Communist government fully nationalized social insurance. Since then the Hungarian healthcare system has been state-owned, overall and available for all of the people.〔(History of social insurance in Hungary, National Healthcare Fund )〕 The free-market shift initiated after the end of communist rule years ago put a strain on the largely centralised, wholly tax-funded public health system, which required far-reaching reforms.〔(Hungary’s Healthcare System )〕 These resulted in the creation of the National Healthcare Fund ((ハンガリー語:Országos Egészségbiztosítási Pénztár)), in 1993.〔 The OEP, predominantly based on a social insurance system,〔 is the public organization currently controlling the management of health care in Hungary.〔(OEP - Főigazgatói köszöntő )〕 83% of the financing for health care comes from taxes and other public revenues.〔(Egészségügyi Minisztérium - The organisation and functioning of health insurance in hungary )〕 Participation in the insurance scheme is mandatory for everyone in the workforce, including the self-employed.〔(World Health Organization - Hungary )〕 Most private hospitals also operate under the OEP framework.〔 Because of past hiring policies, Hungarian hospitals often have redundancies of doctors, and a lack of nurses, resulting in an unproductive misuse of human resources.〔 So-called "gratitude payments", another communist legacy, require in practice a cash payment to have access to better treatments.〔 Medical treatment deemed "medically necessary" is provided free of charge for European citizens in the country.〔(Health Care Services Available During Temporary Stay in Hungary )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Healthcare in Hungary」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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